steady state theory

 steady state theory






in the 1920s, was the first to conjecture a steady state cosmology based on a hypothesized continuous creation of matter in the universe.^[1][2] The idea was then revised in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi and others. The steady state theory of Bondi and Gold was inspired by the circular plot of the film Dead of Night,^[3] which they had watched together. Theoretical calculations showed that a static universe was impossible under general relativity, and observations by Edwin Hubble had shown that the universe was expanding. The steady state theory asserts that although the universe is expanding, it nevertheless does not change its appearance over time (the perfect cosmological principle); it has no beginning and no end.
Problems with the steady-state theory began to emerge in the late 1960s, when observations apparently supported the idea that the universe was in fact changing: quasars and radio galaxies were found only at large distances (therefore could have existed only in the distant past), not in closer galaxies. Whereas the Big Bang theory predicted as much, the Steady State theory predicted that such objects would be found throughout the universe, including close to our own galaxy.
For most cosmologists, the refutation of the steady-state theory came with the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965, which was predicted by the Big Bang theory. Stephen Hawking described this discovery as "the final nail in the coffin of the steady-state theory". The steady-state theory explained microwave background radiation as the result of light from ancient stars that has been scattered by galactic dust. However, the cosmic microwave background level is very even in all directions, making it difficult to explain how it could be generated by numerous point sources and the microwave background radiation shows no evidence of characteristics such as polarization that normally associated with scattering. Furthermore, its spectrum is so close to that of an ideal black body that it could hardly be formed by the superposition of contributions from a multitude of dust clumps at different temperatures as well as at different redshifts. Steven Weinberg wrote in 1972,

The steady state model does not appear to agree with the observed d_L versus z relation or with source counts ... In a sense, the disagreement is a credit to the model; alone among all cosmologies, the steady-state model makes such definite predictions that it can be disproved even with the limited observational evidence at our disposal. The steady-state model is so attractive that many of its adherents still retain hope that the evidence against it will disappear as observations improve. However, if the cosmic microwave background radiation ... is really black-body radiation, it will be difficult to doubt that the universe has evolved from a hotter, denser early stage.^[4]

Since this discovery, the Big Bang theory has been considered to provide the best explanation of the origin of the universe. In most astrophysical publications, the Big Bang is implicitly accepted and is used as the basis of more complete theories.

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human system

 important  knowledge

1:What is the name of the biggest part of the human brain?

2:The colored part of the human eye that controls how much light passes through the pupil is called the?

3:What is the name of the substance that gives skin and hair its pigment?

4:The muscles found in the front of your thighs are known as what?

5:True or false? The two chambers at the bottom of your heart are called       ventricles

6:What substance are nails made of?

7:What is the human body’s biggest organ?

8:The innermost part of bones contains what?

9:True or false? An adult human body has over 500 bones.

10:How many lungs does the human body have?

11:Another name for your voice box is the?

12:The two holes in your nose are called?

13:Your tongue is home to special structures that allow you to experience tastes such as sour, sweet, bitter and salty, what is their name?

14:The bones that make up your spine are called what?

15:The shape of DNA is known as?

16:The flow of blood through your heart and around your body is called?

17:The bones around your chest that protect organs such as the heart are called what?

18:What is the name of the long pipe that shifts food from the back of your throat down to your stomach?

19:True or false? Your ears are important when it comes to staying balanced.

20:The outside layer of skin on the human body is called the?

Answers Of The Questions:

1	The cerebrum	2	Iris	3	Melanin	4	Quadriceps
5	True	6	Keratin	7	The skin	8	Bone marrow
9	False (there are 206)	10	2	11	Larynx	12	Nostrils
13	Taste buds	14	Vertebrae	15	A double helix	16	Circulation
17	Ribs	18	The esophagus	19	True	20	Epidermis

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polygamy

                                 POLYGAMY                                     

There is without iota of doubt about the fact the strongest argument in favour of a ban on polygamy is that no woman can  lick one's lips the idea of permanent rival sharing the bed of her husband.Mariyam jameela”s arguments loses much of its weight in the eyes of an ordinary Muslim woman because she happens to be the second wife of her husband. It is well known that it is the first wife and not the second who usually suffers most in a polygamous family . However polygamy is necessary not only to check morality and the promiscuous propensities of men but to a very great extent to save innocent women from being thrown to the vultures.a husband who has decided to marry another woman will do so whatever the law . Those who demand a total ban on polygamy consciously want that whoever want to marry a new wife should turn his first wife out of his house together will all her children, polygamy be banned but divorce too should not e allowed in any case and men should be forced to live with their first wives whatever the circumstances.this is what Christianity prescribed before the advent of modern age . How disastrous that provision proved to be is not secret . 

It is matter of shame and regret that the family laws are being mutilated in many Muslim countries so that the Holy Prophet his companions and our greatest divines. who nearly all married more than one wife. Would be considered as “criminals”under contemporary legislation. 

The Islamic laws pertaining to divorce have been almost as harshly condemned as polygamy. The permission grated by the shariah for a man to divorce his wife in private is cited as another woman inferior status under Islamic law . “talaq” or repudiation is an unpardonable evil,they insist, because it allows a man to divorce his wife arbitrarily for the most trivial and flimsy reasons. Therefor talaq should be a punishable crime and only that divorce on such drastic ground as adultery or incurable insanity should be recognized as valid by the court . While the shariah provides a decent, honourable and dignified way for an unhappy couple, miserable in each others company to part in each, out modernist reforming insist that men and women of hopelessly incompatible temperaments be compelled by law to remain in wedlock. And because no secular law can compel a man and woman to love each other if they do not , if they can not find gratification together they will be compelled to seek it elsewhere. The only alternative is to persuade the court , through lies and slander. To grant them a divorce and create a public scandal, thus both ending as moral wrecks.because a man who would divorce his wife without good reason would be of bad character, the woman is infinitely better off free to marry again. Yet our modernist reformers strive to enact legislation to compel him to keep her and abuse her more than ever .

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tips for students

Tips for students 

The first and foremost duty of a student is to acquire knowledge . He must not while away his precious time in the modern world and he must be punctual and hit the books 24/7 , he must obey his parents and teachers ,and follow their directions, as they are his best well-wishers. Who does not care for the device of hes elders. Suffers in the end.

A student must take care of his health. His aim should be to have sound mind in a sound body.,he must take regular exercise,and develop his body.without health and strength of body .he will bot be able to go on with his studies. 

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EDUCATION PROBLEMS

Human life is the chain of problems,suffering desires ,complications and delight.there are uncountable problems, which nations are to face. Our major problem is of education.the level of education was denied in the whole world 3rd centuries specially in India,Pakistan,Afghanistan and Bangladesh.there are numbered personalities were addressing this issue (education) 

Education system in these countries is very old.it is continue that formulated by educationists at the time of establishment of Pakistan. Our education is not going to the path of leaders.who leaves us in this situation that we are living in the age of education because of the .although We know our advantages yet we reluctant to get it ,that is the main cause of our moral and social decline.the fundamental education is must be lead us towards the western Islamic culture.

Our teachers are not to able teaches us in this era because the pattern of education is changed . We have mass media,that the old teachers are not affair to maintain it properly so Government should take sue motto action against teachers who uses old pattern that is still teaching us .and also Government have to increase experts in every field of life.there is a huge demand of engineers,technicians , doctors and learned men in our country.

Availability of standard books is also big problem in Pakistan country. Most of the foreign, books writers  are not easily to Pakistan and Indian students .

And other grave problem is that the copy culture in above counties, the copy culture is a tip of ice berg . Students are not working hard because of our teachers , they are not able to teaching and prepare a candidate for exam because they have lack of ability . 

Government must take action against the publishers . Who are doing against Government ,to help students in exam.

Including all above grave problems . May be improve rightly in future if new generation burn mid night ,

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GLOBAL WARMING

what is global warming ?

 there are many different gasses in the space.the sunlight can not return in to space after collide to the earth, reason is that cause of more gasses.as a result the centigrade is increase day by day. this act is called ( global warming).

the causes of global warming

                              1st  the global warming reasons are many but the main reasons are created by human.as we use gasses and oil for produce megawatts,and also we are using oil for our  advantage as trade and traffic.as a result the( Carbon dioxide) increases in the space.this gas is use for stopping the sunlight after collide to earth to return to space .cause of this action global warming is increasing day by day.

the second reason of global warming is that  METHANE GAS , methene gas is created by agriculture , when we give water to  rice farming, then this gas create mathene .this gas is also working as Carbon dioxide 

 the third cause is that the evaporate   of fog from sea from river from glacier . as this act the unable light can not reach to space and the earths centigrade increases every day ,and today the major cause of increase centigrade is because of this . 

the fourth and last cause is that the cutting of forest . more cutting of forest will be lack of Oxygen and and will  increase  Carbon dioxide .because the trees use the Carbon dioxide as food.and Oxygen as expunge .and will be cause of global warming.

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